The Canadian National Microbiology Lab Level 4 Containment Unit where the Ebola drug, Zmapp was first developed.
(CNN) – The first two doses of an experimental serum created to treat Ebola went to American missionaries.
Then the drug was sent to treat a Spanish priest.
The two Americans, Dr. Kent Brantly and Nancy Writebol, appear to be recovering. The priest, Miguel Pajares, died Tuesday morning.
That’s the problem with experimental drugs that have never been tested in humans: No one knows if they’ll work — and if they do, in whom.
This week, the World Health Organization gathered a group of ethicists to decide whether untested medications and vaccines should be used in the current Ebola outbreak, and the complex question of who should receive the potentially life-saving medicine when there is such a limited supply.
As the death toll from the Ebola epidemic soars over 1,000, the WHO panel concluded it is ethical to offer medications to fight the Ebola virus, even if their effectiveness or adverse effects are unknown.
“The large number of people affected by the 2014 west Africa outbreak, and the high case-fatality rate, have prompted calls to use investigational medical interventions to try to save the lives of patients and to curb the epidemic,” the World Health Organization said Tuesday.
WHO says it believes the virus has infected 1,848 people and killed 1,013, making this the deadliest Ebola outbreak in history.
The desperation has pushed Liberia’s government to ask for the experimental serum used to treat the Americans and Spanish priest, in order to treat two local doctors.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Liberia’s request for access to ZMapp, which was created by the San Diego-based biotech firm Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc. Sample doses of the medicine will be sent to Liberia this week to treat doctors who have contracted the virus, the Liberian government said.
Mapp Biopharmaceutical said Monday its supply has been exhausted after fulfilling the request of a West African country. (It did not name the country). Kentucky BioProcessing, which manufacturers a version of the drug, is working to increase production of ZMapp, but the process will take several months, company spokesman David Howard told CNN last week.
“There are not adequate supplies of any of the investigational agents anywhere near ready for human use,” said Dr. Jesse Goodman, director of the Center on Medical Product Access, Safety and Stewardship at Georgetown University Medical Center, referring to all drugs being developed to treat Ebola.
“Not (adequate) to treat all the patients in this outbreak, even if we knew they worked.”
A vicious killer
Ebola can torment its victims with high fevers, internal and external bleeding, vomiting and diarrhea. It often afflicts multiple organ systems and can kill up to 90% of those infected.
The virus spreads through contact with organs and bodily fluids such as blood, saliva and urine.
Since the current Ebola epidemic was declared in Guinea in March, the disease has spread to Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria.
And the impact has spread around the world.
Cynthia Sangbai-Kwennah, a native of Liberia living in Minnesota, has lost nine family members to Ebola in less than two months.
“Every time you pick up the phone and you receive a call … this family is dead, this person is dead,” Sangbai-Kwennah told CNN affiliate WCCO.
First her father perished. Then other relatives who had been taking care of him. Sangbai-Kwennah even lost her younger sister, who had just recently graduated from college.
“Your entire family die in a month and a half,” she said. “It’s just so scary, I’m just so confused, I don’t even know what to do.”
Questions about drug access
The gulf between developed and developing nations appeared to some to widen last week as reports emerged that the Ebola drug was being used to treat Westerners, but not West Africans.
“What if it had killed both of them?” Paul Root Wolpe, director of the Center for Ethics at Emory University in Atlanta, said about the two Americans first treated with ZMapp. “It is only because it worked, seemingly very well, that people are screaming, ‘How come people in Africa didn’t get it?’ ”
Wolpe said considering the converse situation could provide some perspective.
“If the first people (to receive doses of ZMapp) would have been Liberian, headlines would have screamed, ‘Experimental Drug Tested on Poor Africans,’ ” said Wolpe.
But the nagging question, for some: Was giving the serum to Africans even a consideration? Should it have been?
“Why didn’t Dr. Sheik Umar Khan, the chief Sierra Leone physician who died while treating Ebola patients, receive this medication?” wrote Harriet Washington, in a recent CNN Opinion piece. “Because another method of determining who gets medications is at work here — the drearily familiar stratification of access to a drug based on economic resources and being a Westerner rather than a resident of the global South.”
More relevant than who got what — and when — say experts, are questions about the safety of the current crop of experimental Ebola drugs. For ZMapp and other Ebola drugs currently in the pipeline — like TKM-Ebola, by Tekmira Pharmaceuticals — there is not yet good, substantive data in humans to support its use.
“Usually you treat large numbers of sick people to be sure something isn’t going to hurt them,” said Goodman, former chief scientist with the Food and Drug Administration. “So while it seems at first glance that two individuals getting something promising in animals, and then improving, is convincing, I don’t think it’s yet convincing. I think it’s hopeful.”
Wolpe, Washington and Goodman agree that careful study should precede widespread dissemination of any Ebola drug and that Africans should be represented in those studies.
“If (ZMapp) turns out to be as effective as it seems to be, and it’s possible to make much more of it, then we end up with a situation where it becomes unethical to withhold treatment,” said Wolpe.
“We should do everything we can to nip this epidemic in the bud.”
